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Ambulance

ambulance rescue (2010), based on Fiat Ducato

L '

ambulance, in the modern sense of the term is a motor vehicle used to permanently

first aid and transporting injured or sick. In previous centuries, The term was used for military tanks for the transport of wounded, but also to indicate the field hospitals or emergency, set up during the battle. With the advent of automobiles in the early decades of the twentieth century

, coined the term ambulance

that distinguished the type of media has become obsolete, given the disappearance of animal-drawn ambulances.

/ /

History

transport wounded Carro (1900)

A Bianchi S9

Red Cross Military

hydroambulance

Venice

date back to the ninth century , under the reign of Emperor Leo VI of Byzantium

, the first historical information about a special military organization, dedicated to transport and care for the wounded, the army of ' Eastern Roman Empire. In

1124, during the attempted invasion of France

by Germanic troops under the command of Emperor Henry V

, formed a grand coalition was the French who made available to Louis VI of France a mighty army. It is in this military formation that we know of a department designed to rescue the wounded, which included wagons for transport from the battlefield and a series of wagons equipped. These were equipped with materials for dressings, water, wine and other kinds of comfort and were placed in a circle, in order to define and protect an area within which one could make the appropriate care, in relative peace. Since that system was born the double meaning of "ambulance" to define is the cart carrying the wounded, both the ' field hospital, remained in use until the early twentieth century .

The story goes back to the ambulance thirteenth century, when the first litters spread, carried by hand. However, it was Baron Dominique Jean Larrey , French surgeon accompanying gun Napoleon, to introduce the modern concept of an ambulance as a means for the transport of the wounded on the battlefield. The evolution of this type of vehicles to keep pace with the improvement of emergency medical on the battlefields of the Crimean War

( 1854 - 1856), during which each country began to develop different rescue techniques. The most successful system was that Florence Nightingale devised for the British army and acknowledged that "a satisfactory transport of sick and wounded is the first requirement to save their lives" . Such was the scope of this innovation that even the Russian army and took the baby to the U.S. model.

The development of methods of rescue vehicles for this purpose and continued until a new "revolution" during the years of Vietnam War, the U.S. military contributed to the further development of the means assistance, in particular by using the ' rescue helicopter to evacuate the wounded from inaccessible areas and difficult to reach in other ways. With the development of emergency vehicles, then, evolved the concept of a transport vehicle injured, to include helicopters, buses and ships, such as a Venice, where the ambulances, as a rule, these boats are hydroambulance .

Ambulances in Italy [edit

]

ambulance the 2004 Italian

Ambulance Swiss

with high visibility livery

Features

In Italy the construction of the ambulances is regulated by Ministerial Decree 553 of 1987 [1]

, which identifies two types: type A

, equipped emergency ambulance to transport sick or injured and the emergency services, with specific assistance equipment;

type B,

ambulance transport equipped primarily to transport sick or injured, and possibly the provision of simple equipment assistance. ^{The European legislation provides rather a different} classifcazione:

• type A, ambulance for transporting patients equipped for the transport of non-severe patients, divided into
• type A1 or A2, as it can only carry one or more persons;

type B,

ambulance to the emergency room, the emergency service and transport, basic treatment and monitoring of seriously ill patients;

type C units

mobile intensive care
• for transport, advanced treatment and monitoring of seriously ill patients.
  Rescue Ambulances are usually categorized, according to the crew and some special equipment on board, in:
MSB
• , Means Relief Base carrying only
rescuers
• ;
MSAB

or

MSI

,

Means Relief Base
• Advanced or Intermediate , carrying a nurse ;
MSA
• , Relief Advanced Media, carrying rescuers, a doctor and generally also a nurse , are often equipped with medical devices to medical expertise, such as a manual defibrillator or the need for ' intubation.
• Each ambulance is divided between the driving compartment, occupied by the driver and any passenger compartment and health back, which is occupied by rescuers and transported patients. The sanitary compartment must be separated from the cab by a partition, which can be inserted and a safety glass door or a sliding door to close completely tight. The minimum size sanitary compartment of ambulances are Type A, with the exception of equipment and furniture: length 2.40 m and width 1.60 m, measured at one meter height from the floor. height 1.75 m, measured in a central band 90 cm wide, 2 m long surface of 2.4 m 2 ).
In type B the ambulance compartment must be able to contain health care, taking into account the needs of transport, at least one stretcher

under

UNI

of not smaller than 1.85 to 0.56 m.

legislation on the characteristics of the ambulances includes a decree of 1997
• ^[2]
that updates and complements the previous one, defining

ambulances Emergency Relief

as special vehicles for transport, basic treatment and monitoring of patients. These fall in ambulances ambulance owned or used the service 118 - Medical Emergency of

ASL, to hospitals, clinics, ^{Italian Red Cross or a combination of public assistance or voluntary recognized as For example ANPAS} , Misericordie or

Croce Bianca Milano

. The color of the ambulances must be basically white, but lately yellow inserts are allowed to increase their visibility and the means must be long the perimeter of a reflective orange band and the international symbol of rescue Star of Life on three sides, and possibly also on the hood, where it must be also present the written speculate AMBULANCE. The Italian Red Cross ambulances , ministerial license plates have reflective bands instead of the red cross and red on three sides, instead of the star's life. In 2002 it had spread a rumor that the '

European Union, in particular the CEN (European Committee for Standardization ) would promote the use of special colors on emergency vehicles. In fact the news is false and has been officially denied by the Directorate General Communication of the European Commission, with a clarification on the official website [3] . CEN legislation currently in force provides for ambulances yellow or white with the addition, in the latter case, highly visible color inserts. Ambulances should be equipped with additional equipment Finally, a visual indicator light flashes blue and the warning provided in Article 177 of the Highway Code

: these are the blue flashing lights on all the approved means of and an emergency siren bitonal, with "melody" equal to that of Fire but different from that of the police ^.

Deans and sanitary facilities

compartment of a health emergency vehicle

The main board features of the Italian rescue ambulances are:

material medication and first aid:

patches, bandages

and sterile and non sterile gauze, scissors,

isothermal blanket,

disinfectant,

saline and hydrogen peroxide

• ; resuscitation kit : semiautomatic defibrillator, aspirator , scissor-cut dresses, oro-pharyngeal cannula , self-expandable balloon (AMBU) and oxygen mask with hose connection and reservoir;
• material for the 'oxygen : masks with reservoir and cylinders, both fixed and portable material for self-protection to rescuers: gloves, masks, Goggles, sterile gowns and protective clothing simple diagnostic material including
• sphygmomanometer, stethoscope , oximeter and battery home: deans of immobilization of trauma:
• splints, cervical collars ,
• spoon stretcher, spinal board with spider and immobilizer,
• Estrich (KED), a mattress depression principals for traspotro patients: stretcher, sedan chair and Coltrin, commonly known as "cloth". In the area guide also contains the radio systems, controls for the activation of the flashing lights, siren and lights for outdoor lighting, a fire extinguisher , tools, flares and smoke bombs and torches wind warning in case of intervention with the 'helicopter
.
• military ambulances

Ambulance French military with the protective symbol of the Red Cross

The Geneva Conventions establish the unassailable transport health care (ambulances, trains, hospitals, medical aircraft), and rescue facilities.

To take advantage of this protection, both civilian and military ambulances, as well as all other emergency vehicles, must display one of the protective emblems of the Conventions themselves ( Red Cross - Red Crescent and since 2005 the Red Crystal

white field), in which case the emblem of the Red Cross performs a function

Protective

. The use of this emblem is intended for health units of the Armed Forces and the Society of Red Cross and Red Crescent but may be extended to other associations that are licensed and placed under the control of the signatory governments. In the event of armed conflict also the same vehicles

exhibit the Red Cross emblem in its pure form and bigger, replace or support the emblem of smaller size used in peacetime, with distinctive function indicating the specificity of the Society of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies.

Usually, the military ambulances were members of the Geneva Conventions take the protective symbol permanently. No means of medical transport armored hull or even set up previously for the combat can be equipped with equipment typical of offensive combat vehicles and the use will still have to refrain from any act of violence of war: not given them any offensive capabilities Ambulance - Wikipedia